Tag Archives: mobile

Mobile World Congress 2012

Every year in February, the mobile industry and tech fans turn toward Barcelona for the Mobile World Congress. In the past, this event has introduced the latest and the greatest––the QR code, for example, and last year, near-field communications. This year is no different––major mobile companies will be unveiling their newest wares. (Unfortunately, one of the most anticipated smart phones will not be there. The Galaxy S III, which is generating a lot of buzz because of its AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) display and promises to be flexible and 3-D, will be shown at a Samsung-hosted event later this year.)

Here are some new products that will be presented at this year’s Mobile World Congress:

  • HTC is introducing two new phones running Ice Cream Sandwich: the Ville (dual-core) and the Edge (quad-core).
  • Nokia is back with its 900 Windows Phone.
  • RIM is expected to introduce the BlackBerry 10 OS.
  • One of the more interesting rumors concerns Tizen, a Linux-based open-source mobile operating system.

I predict the thing that everyone will be talking about is cloud-based mobile computing: a cloud-based app behaves like any other app, but the processing power comes from the cloud. There are a couple of cloud-based apps out there, like Mobile Gmail and Google Voice for iPhone, but expect to see more.

Author: Susan Hallinan

Organize, Display, and Share: Two Start-Ups Take Aim From Different Perspectives

Chances are you may have at least heard of Dropbox and Pinterest. Dropbox is web-based file-hosting and sharing service––think your “My Documents” folder synced to a “cloud” and accessible within seconds (if not instantly) to other devices and synced computers. The service also makes it very easy to share documents or folders with anyone via a link or email. Pinterest, on the other hand, is a visual, social photo-sharing website and app. Users can “pin” photos, videos, and discussions onto a board that can represent whatever commonality or association they desire. The end result is a series of visuals linked by an author-determined common theme. The posts can be re-pinned, “liked,” or commented on across public posts or among friends.

Stand back for a moment. Both Dropbox and Pinterest were new functionally to the market. Both applications define a new, compartmentalized function (synchronized online file-sharing/storage and social photo-sharing, respectively). Both applications are based on the sharing of content, whether that content is files or visual content organized on “boards.”

Both Dropbox and Pinterest have simple concepts and are beautifully designed, but they do something that the average user doesn’t seek. They provide an innovative method for sharing files and visual content in an organized and intuitive manner. Innovation! Both are thinking about traditional functions in other mediums or systems and reapplying the concept to an online use. Any social media user, specifically someone familiar with Facebook, knows that with the expansion of the “Like” and “Share” buttons to every website, it has become easier than ever for any user to share content on Facebook. In turn, the content shared on friends’ news feeds has become less and less useful. An application like Pinterest enables you to collect visual content (that you may or may not have shared on Facebook or other social channels already) and curate it on a board conveying some general idea. Single-function, well-designed applications that are built on a social backbone enable users to filter out the noise from the deluge of content plunging down our news-feed waterfalls.

In contrast, Dropbox is a natural progression of cloud-based file storage and sharing, but the cost of the application (free up to 2GB) and desktop/mobile app compatibility make relying on it second nature as we use our mobile devices more and more. Draft a word doc on your iPad on the train on the way to the office, open the same file on your desktop and make final changes, then run to a meeting and send a link to the doc to your colleagues from your iPhone––simpler and more seamless than carrying thumb drives or the email-download routine.

Dropbox and Pinterest––use them, get to know them, try to break them. The apps and their core functions are the future of concentrated, single-purpose content sharing. Learning how to use new applications early on can help you develop a clearer picture of how you will interact and share content in the future as the world becomes more and more mocial (mobile social).

Author: John Carew

Tablets, E-Readers, and iPhones Take Over the World!

Your content MUST be mobile-optimized or appified. A Pew Internet Research survey and Apple Q1 sales announcement paint a picture of a tablet, e-reader, and iPhone future filled with innovation, pain, or frustration––depending on how you proceed TODAY.

The numbers don’t lie––they suggest a trend and market preference for consumption. The tech world did not see the same game-changing flock of users adopt netbooks, and now this subcategory of laptop computers is essentially dead. The Kindles and iPads of the world have carved out a tablet niche for themselves because their form factor and technology allow for ideal consumption of much of the content available on the Internet. Get on board! Let’s clear up one small point––sorry to be a little nitpicky here, but the difference between an e-reader and a tablet is important. The title of the latest Pew report, “Tablet and E-book reader Ownership Nearly Double Over the Holiday Gift-Giving Period,” makes clear that there is a difference. “Tablet” and “E-book reader” are two distinct devices: a tablet is an e-reader with additional features, whereas an e-reader is primarily for reading content only, with fewer of the app- and Internet access-driven functions found on tablets.

By the way, in case you missed the news, Apple sold 37,000,000 iPhones in the first quarter of fiscal 2012. That is thirty-seven with six zeros. That is approximately 4.6 iPhones per New Yorker, but the thought of that many devices on the network in NYC is terrifying. One more time, iPhone sales accounted for 53% of Apple’s revenue for that quarter. Hello, iPhone––welcome to control of Apple sales and eventually everything. Fine, a little hyperbolic, but realize this: sales of iPhones mean users experiencing iOS. That experience will drive device use and preference in the future.

If your company’s primary offering can be consumed, purchased, or used online, make sure it is consumable via mobile device (tablet and smartphone) and offers an amazing user experience. Adequate, everyday, functional use of content on a mobile device will not differentiate your product in the marketplace.

If your company’s primary offering can be consumed via an app on iOS, for example, make it happen and spread the news as much as possible. Face it, the users who are buying iPhones, tablets, and e-readers now are not the early adopters––they are closer to the end of the early majority at this point. These are the users who can swing the adoption of the technology and push innovation in all aspects of the field further than we can even imagine at this point.

Courtesy of Wikipedia.

So are you ready for a mobile, smartphone/tablet-driven world? Is your content ready?

Author: John Carew

Three Mobile and Social Apps That Should Be on Your Radar

Our online associations basically represent relationships that exist in real life, relationships that we document by adding people to particular social networks. In today’s world, the act of researching someone’s online presence before (or after) a meeting, date, or social interaction might be a requirement. LinkedIn can give you an idea of a person’s professional résumé, a Twitter profile might reveal his or her publicized interests or influence, and if a Facebook profile exists, well, you can learn possibly far too much about an individual depending on what he or she shares and how open the profile is to an outsider. Putting account settings and user preferences aside, apps that make connections to our physical social networks and marry those networks with our location via a mobile device are very interesting. These apps can show users how their social networks connect with strangers they pass on the street, but they can also teach users the value of real-life networks that are stored, structured, and validated online. Let’s look at three apps and how their features redefine our online social networks, showing the power that mobile, social, and location-based apps can have on our everyday life.

Sonar

Foursquare + Facebook + Twitter = invisible connections around you. Next time you check in on Foursquare to one of the busier spots in your area, an app like Sonar would display a screen indicating how you are linked to people in your immediate location. Sonar can tell you that you share three Twitter interests or two Facebook friends and enable you to see those specific connections and those users’ photos. You can then introduce yourself in person, if you want. Don’t fret about security, either––you opt in, so all Sonar users have chosen to associate their Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn accounts in order to see their relationships.

Path

As Path advertises, Path is “the smart journal that helps you share life with ones you love.” It’s Facebook boiled down your real friends and not the extended network of acquaintances and familiar faces that Facebook has become just to see the friend-count edge higher. The app has a fresh way of displaying important content with a beautiful user interface. Path has the same sharing and “journal” status-type features that are found on the other social networks, but the platform enables smaller circles to interact with pertinent content more easily.

Localmind

As its tagline reads, “Know. Now.” Localmind is seeking to build “a real-time, location-based Q&A platform that sits on top of existing check-in services.” Localmind uses location-based check-in services likes Foursquare to allow users to send a question about a physical location and receive answers from users who are currently checked in to that location. It lets users contact someone outside their network or circles to determine what is happening at a particular check-in spot.

All three apps provide very different services, but all are based on mobile technology and how it can augment our interaction with our traditional, terrestrial social networks and our location on terra firma.

Bottom line: Use these apps, learn what they do, and be aware that these features will be the next thing to come baked in to our mobile devices. Jumping on the edge of the wave can increase the position of your company or application earlier.

Author: John Carew

Thoughts on Adding New Technology to Your Life or Business

Step back for a moment and look at your life or your role within your company. You are a part of a larger system, responsible for input and output and some semblance of order for each. You have either been given or have sought out a set of tools to manage and execute your assigned tasks. You evaluate your existing tools constantly each time you encounter an issue and grumble under your breath or rave about how easy something is to use. Often, we search for better solutions for our personal and professional needs. Based on our knowledge of the tools available and, more important, those that are familiar, we develop procedures to fill these needs and move on, but what should we consider when looking for the best solutions?

In today’s mobile world, the way we determine what solution is best is very different from only a few years ago. Here are a few points to consider as you decide what technology will fill a need in your personal or professional life:

Modern and flexible – Apps that heavily rely on one particular software language may not pose a large risk, but heavy reliance on something like Flash would make iOS consumption difficult.

Mobile-friendly – If the solution is online-based, how does it look on a mobile browser? If the user experience is different, what functions do you lose on the smaller screen?

Appified – Is the solution available in app flavor? Is the functionality limited? Does the original developer maintain the app, or is the function available through a third-party developer? Face it––if the potential solution doesn’t offer a mobile option (and if it seems like this would be useful), smoke is in the air and you should yell fire and run the other way. An app version for most solutions is a given at this point, so if it isn’t available, think again about the ”future-proof” aspect of the solution.

Cross-platform – Not only does the solution have to play nicely with both the Mac and Windows operating systems, the application may also have to play nicely with mobile and tablet versions of Android and iOS, among others.

Backup – Does the solution offer backup? Can you point the application to a cloud storage solution––something easy like Dropbox, for instance––and will the app update its pertinent information (settings, application data, etc.) to the cloud on a routine or on-demand basis? In the day and age of lost and stolen mobile technology, the ability to recover quickly from backed-up data is mission critical.

Exportable – Plan for the future by making sure you can extract all of your data into a format that could be easily imported into a new application.

Offline capabilities – If you lose data connection, does the solution still function? Does it lose any key features or grind to a halt? From natural disaster to being trapped on the A line, we don’t always have the luxury of a data connection, and when it goes down, your level of stress will be determined by how the solution performs when you are off the grid.

Efficient data usage – Is the solution a Hummer or a Prius? In the age of the data meter running virtually everywhere, we have to be cognizant of how much data our solutions guzzle down. Is the solution built with a frugal mentality, or does it require lots of data to be transferred frequently?

Security – Does the solution offer security measures, such as encryption options and password-reset controls? While these measures may not to be required in some instances, in other areas where the transfer of information needs to remain confidential, security needs to be a big consideration. If the solution is for professional use, does it comply with your company’s IT guidelines and requirements?

Plays well with others – Some of the web’s best applications offer application programming interfaces (APIs), which enable other developers to make amazing solutions that tie in nicely to other solutions.

Others want to join in – If the solution offers an API, how many applications are available for the solution? How many unique developers are writing applications for the solution in question? These questions, which may seem like icing on the feature cake, may shine a light on the back operations and health of a solution.

Social – When applicable, the solution should tie in to the social web easily and share content using those channels in a well-formatted manner.

Author: John Carew

Holiday Techno Decisions

In the world of choices to be made by less-experienced members of geekdom, deciding where to buy the stuff we consume on our shiny, new tech devices is overwhelming. Some things play nicely with others—music purchased from virtually anywhere can (usually) be plugged into another player or storage device. Video, subscription services, and e-books, however, are loners in the digital-asset playground and only like to play on their own turf and on their own terms. To the veteran mobile-content consumer, these content and consumption barriers are initially a pain, but work-arounds and the partitioning of certain content types to certain providers and apps become part of the everyday use of the technology. To the newbie—you, yes, you—sitting there with your new device, hesitant to remove the screen protector since the case you got doesn’t fit your device and/or is the wrong color, the glow and allure of the sexy, new techno gadget in front of you is enticing. But after you charge the battery and finish the configuration and get to the meat and potatoes of the device, my guess is the app store is your next stop. Hopefully, the gift giver gave you a gift card to the app store of your choice so you can dive in head first.

A few things to remember for both publishers and consumers:

 1. Solo OS Stinks
Apps that play well on one and only one operating system are poor sports on the playground of techno content consumption. You will want to gobble up all the bits you can across multiple devices, whether right now or at some point in the future. Manufacturers that provide multiple devices across different areas of the spectrum and provide the same experience using similar operating systems hedge the bet for app developers who focus on one and only one operating system to support. The downside is that as many more people adopt single-use devices, like the Nooks and Kindles of the world, these devices currently cannot complete other core functions (easily and cost effectively), like email or phone calls. The user is then left with different operating systems on different devices:  smartphones, tablets, notebooks, desktops, and/or smart TVs. You will consume content on multiple devices in the future, and being tied to only one operating system for the apps you love will hurt when you change. Be prepared.

2.   Device-Specific Experience Is a Gamble
Think about this: Before we wanted to consume traditional print publications on our tablets and smartphones, publishers produced titles with region-specific variations for both newsstand and subscription delivery. The traditional printing process changed for the most part at the end, with different variations of a specific set of forms printed within the larger print run. The process was heavily automated, and the variables, while seemingly significant, were relatively controllable since the press, roll width, and bindery restrictions were fixed. Once online distribution and multiple electronic variations were dumped into the mix, the traditional publishing model went awry. If we can assume that the vast majority of advertising and editorial content in today’s modern publications are actually worthy of multimedia additions, then the burden to produce a consistent experience across multiple devices over multiple operating systems—given very different hardware functionality—is a tall order. That said, device-specific subscribers to e-versions of traditional print titles may or may not have the same experience on another device mostly because of the hardware and software limitations of any specific device. Ultimately, this complicates the field of content to be consumed on your spanking-new techno device. While it may not matter right now in 2011, it may be a different story as  displays and the user experience continue to evolve while the hardware that we use to consume content continues to grow.

At some point you will muster up enough courage to pull off the screen protector and dive into the techno goodness that is behind the new device in your hand or lap. Just remember, consume wisely, not only for your wallet, but because someday in the not-so-distant future, the single-function device will be replaced and the electronic library that you have created may not play well with the devices and operating systems of the future.

Author: John Carew

Top Technology: Reflections and Predictions

As the year comes to a close, I’m reflecting on what has happened and looking forward to what is to come.

In 2011:

  1. The number-one story in tech news was the death of Steve Jobs.
  2.  Social media came into its own. After the Japanese earthquake and tsunami, Facebook and Twitter became lifelines for those reaching out to friends and family. Facebook also played a crucial role in the Arab Spring uprisings, being used to spread messages and topple governments.
  3. This one has made ripples in the tech world for months and will probably be the year’s last big headline: After months of trying to merge, AT&T has decided to abandon its attempt to take over T-Mobile.

There were so many other stories of 2011: BlackBerry missteps, the PlayStation Network hack, and the last of the IPv4 addresses (with time counting down for IPv6 addresses).

I expect 2012 to be just as exciting a time.

Computers:
HTML will continue to rise, allowing web developers to create richer, more dynamic websites. The Cloud movement will continue and in the years to come may bring about Software as a Service (SaaS), an arrangement in which consumers don’t buy software but instead pay monthly fees to “rent” it.

Tablets:
Tablets have been a game changer, and they will continue to become faster, more powerful, and finally, cheaper. One rumor swirling around the web concerns an iPad Nano, smaller and cheaper than its counterpart and said to be arriving late next year.

Mobile:
Mobile payment will become the norm, and every phone will come NFC (Near-Field Communication)-enabled. Voice control, such as the iPhone’s Siri, will really take off, allowing a person to use a phone without touching its screen or any other buttons. If you decide not to speak to your phone, however, in 2012, zooming and scrolling will be done by bending the screen––I am looking forward to seeing where the bendable interfaces go.

In the coming months, I can’t wait to see what other surprises come from the tech world and how they change the way we communicate with the world around us.

Author: Susan Hallinan

Don’t Cross That Data Line: How a Lack of Knowledge About Modern Business Technology Can Be a Death Sentence

From sorting spreadsheets to simple statistical analysis of a data set to basic knowledge of what occurs in the back-end functions of the average business “server,” a functional understanding of everyday technology systems is paramount in today’s world. Don’t get me wrong––expecting the average person involved in a complex business process to understand all aspects of that global process is inefficient. Regardless of where you stand regarding division of labor and the ideas of Adam Smith versus Karl Marx, specialization is part of today’s world and is, and will continue to be, a deciding factor in the expansion and penetration of mobile technology into our lives.

No, this is not a post on human resources, talent management, or anything related to job-placement skills. My goal is to pose a question to anyone who interacts with new technology, whether at home or in the workplace. My simple question: Are we ready for mobile? Mobile today means far more than “mobile” ten years ago––heck, even five years ago. Mobile today means access to documents––anywhere, anytime––access to applications that drive business processes and integration, with a wide array of devices. We have seen mobile technology expand our personal lives, but a functional understanding of what powers this technology tips businesses toward success or failure.

In any job, there is an existing process, defined as a set of procedures or steps that take something from one form to another. Each process has a set of inputs and outputs that feed into a sequential order, creating an increasingly larger system. Often, knowledge of the previous and next steps in the process is critical for someone to complete his or her given assignment efficiently.

All the business processes interact with other systems constantly. The buzzword du jour is “cloud,” which implies reliance on a robust and stable network as well as some “special sauce.” This sauce is knowledge of what powers the cloud, an understanding of what occurs behind the browser or touchscreen. Compared to the mechanical systems of the last century, where pulling a lever or turning a knob had an effect on a mechanical device, the black-box concept of digital systems today hinders a user’s ability to understand. These days, simple, practical knowledge of the back end separates the mice from the men tablets.

Why, damn it, why doesn’t it just work?

Hmm, let’s see. Storage of electronic assets is not intuitive to start. Day to day, we can let documents pile up in a drawer or inbox. If the need to retrieve a document or piece of information from a physical document arises, you use the efficient (sometimes inefficient) query  engine known as the human brain and its accompanying visual system to locate the physical document. This applies to the digital world, but the physical (eye-based) portion of the retrieval process is made far more difficult in an electronic environment given the limited viewing options. If the electronic document was poorly stored, lacking the proper references for searching, or was stored in a repository not possessing the right functions, the document is lost in the digital file cabinet. Tagged electronic resources may be common on many websites and familiar to everyday Internet users, but the implications of what that information means in the context of a larger system is often lost.

What needs to be known?

It is important to understand the business process and the rules associated with it as well as how the data points from this process are used within the larger global scale of the organization. Ultimately our modern technology makes us curators of information, whether pertinent to our personal or professional duties. The better we are at data stewardship, the better we can support the existing processes in all aspects of our lives. Being stewards means knowing about modern networking, the basics of what powers the Internet, document management skills, and what can be done with the data that are added to any given process.

Are you ready for this change? Are your team and company on the same page when it comes to your systems and data? Tell us what you think.

Author: John Carew

Meet Microsoft’s “App Store,” the Windows Store

In a blog post on Microsoft’s new Windows Store blog, Antoine Leblond, VP of Windows Web Services, introduces a laundry list of details on the new Windows Store. Here are some highlights:

  • Microsoft’s focus on making it easier to find apps and its focus on better economic returns for developers sets it apart from both the Apple App Store and Android Market.
  • The app page and catalog will be exposed to search engines and have deeper linking, improving users’ ability to search for apps.
  • An integrated “get the app” function allows a consumer using a Windows 8 machine to get an app from a website using a button displayed on the toolbar.
  • The Windows Store will offer market-specific app catalogs covering 231 markets worldwide with developer opt-in for any or all.
  • Enterprise app support will allow companies to manage enterprise apps or offer their solutions to the larger app market. Enterprises can also control end-user app access on Windows 8 devices.
  • The Windows Store will allow trials and subscription services for in-app purchases.
  • Microsoft promises a more transparent app approval process, with access to reasons for failing and app acceptance guidance in plain English.
  • New apps will receive 70% of profits, and after $25,000 in revenue, the share of profits will increase to 80%, the best return for developers across any platform.

This leads to an interesting question: If app stores killed the brick-and-mortar, boxed-software business model and the availability of high-speed Internet and the app-ization of everything (turning small functions into bite-sized apps to complete one thing pretty well on a mobile or semi-mobile device), what change will come in the future––the death of the web browser and/or significantly increased use of cloud services? Either way, companies that “appify” their services or who make new app-centric services or offerings for the marketplace have a future … but for how long? As adoption continues and smart mobile devices penetrate deeper into every consumer lifestyle, “old” tech like the websites and native desktop apps we have come to know and expect will be the minority and the app-centric functions tied to cloud processing and storage will represent the future. Regardless, the Windows Store will take Microsoft, the leader in worldwide OS installs, into a stronger position in the marketplace by learning from some of the missteps and downfalls of the other app store ventures.

Look for the Microsoft Windows Store in late February 2012, when Windows 8 Beta hits the scene.

Author: John Carew

Always Connected: How Shared Experiences Like Sports Games, Concerts, and Theme Parks Are Being Augmented by the Mobile and Social Web

In our ever-shrinking leisure time, we want tech to support, enhance, and augment our interaction with traditional analog human experiences, which are often shared. We attend concerts and sporting events in person, rather than watching (less expensively) online, on TV, or via recording, in order to engage in a shared experience among attendees with a common interest (fans of a team or musical group).

Our always-connected, technology-required attitude leaves a rather large hole in many of the modern venues in the US. Between poor cellular reception and lack of engaging, venue-created and supported content, the experience beyond what is occurring on the field or stage leaves a lot to be desired. In our homes, we can order (and pay for) food online from the comfort of our couch, look down the hall to determine the bathroom availability and wait time, guzzle all the data-heavy video and online content we want from our Wi-Fi, and rewind or pause a live (or recorded) broadcast with our DVRs. If we must venture outside for food, we can use contactless payment to buy snacks or drinks from the local convenience store. Why aren’t those same services available when I venture out of the home to major sports and concert venues around the country? Enter geosocial networking, or proximity-based social networks and the “smart stadium.”

In October, the Staples Center in Los Angeles, home to the LA Clippers, Lakers, Kings, and Sparks, announced a new high-definition video solution (supported by a joint partnership with Verizon and Cisco) aimed at giving the spectator the ability to customize his or her multimedia experience. The system is basically a video and content distribution system to terminals in luxury boxes and kiosks around the stadium to enhance the “e-game” experience. As Ben Bergman from NPR reported last week, the video functionality extends the user’s experience, and the joint venture plans to include content streaming to “your phone, on your laptop, everything, like, everywhere” as well as functions allowing you order food from the comfort of your seat, never missing a minute of the game or performance.

The problem with most sports venues is the lack of strong mobile phone coverage, which (based on real-world experience in New York City at the new Yankee Stadium, Citi Field, or Madison Square Garden) can paralyze your smart phone. The planning for the new Meadowlands Stadium, now called MetLife Stadium, focused on the design and deployment of a wired stadium with cellular service. ADC designed a wireless solution that allowed both Verizon and AT&T Mobility to use stadium-supported cellular services. The move to include a wireless plan in the stadium lays the framework for use of mobile phone–based applications that can enhance the spectators’ experience.

Geosocial apps like Foursquare, Gowalla, Lokust, Scvngr, Loopt, Sonar, and Color (to name a few) leverage some combination of GPS location, data connection, social network (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc), and your phone’s camera to provide a rich integration of users based on proximity to a defined location or opt-in status to one event or space. These apps, when deployed in conjunction with a sports team, venue, or musical group, can be used to share limited-edition content, provide instant replay or alternate views of a play, or simply allow people to connect and discuss what zany thing just occurred onstage.

Another angle is the lengthy list of apps associated with real-time sharing of information about guest services and attractions at major theme parks like the Disney resorts. From real-time attraction wait times to recent comments on food or hotel service as well as historical data used for forecasting and planning, the data-driven and social age changes users’ interactions with theme parks as well.

The fun doesn’t stop there. The proximity-based social experience can be extended to venues like malls (think Black Friday pain and plunder) trade shows, or even casinos––heck, even weather events like the Snowpocalypse (version 1-3) which NYC received last winter. A shared experience gives people the incentive to connect with those around them. Our phones––portals to others––coupled with intelligent apps leveraging the fullest potential of our phones, make this interaction possible, ultimately enhancing our engagement with the event or experience.

Proximity-based social networks tied with modern, wired stadiums will change the sports and concert experiences. Dated stadiums of today with their poor lines of sight, uncomfortable seats, and inadequate entrance and egress design will pale in comparison with the stadiums of the future.

One word of warning: Be aware, sports announcers, that your typically muted commentary really isn’t necessary and will be replaced by smart stadiums and dynamic content consumption.

What do you think? Will smart stadiums and geosocial and proximity-based social apps enhance our experience and change expectations for the average event?

Author: John Carew